The first principle of HACCP involves the identification of significant hazards associated with a food and the implementation of effective control measures to ensure that these hazards do not harm the consumer.
The correct identification and control of such hazards requires a thorough understanding of aspects of the product such as:
- physical and chemical properties of the food
- the food packaging
- conditions of storage and distribution
- required shelf life
- information to be provided to the consumer regarding appropriate storage, handling and use.
These factors are particularly important with respect to the control of microbiological hazards such as bacteria, which typically require moisture, favourable temperature conditions and time to grow to dangerous levels or produce harmful toxins.
The purpose of this preparatory stage therefore is to describe your products in terms of their suitability or otherwise to permit the growth of dangerous bacteria, so that adequate control measures can be identified and implemented at a later stage as part of your HACCP study.
Description of the product is normally achieved by considering two types of factors:
- Intrinsic factors: those found within the product itself such as its structure and composition.
- Extrinsic factors: those which are external to the food such as temperature control, packaging and method of processing.
It is helpful to think about your food in this way because any changes in recipes or ingredients are likely to affect the intrinsic factors, whereas changes in equipment or in the distribution chain are likely to affect the extrinsic factors. If full information about both factors is made available to the HACCP team they may choose to control an identified hazard by a change in the recipe, a change in the method of distribution or both.
All the information gathered in Preparatory Step E will be helpful to you when undertaking the hazard analysis of your products in Principle 1.2.
So that you can record all the relevant intrinsic and extrinsic factors and properly describe your food, MyHACCP asks you to provide the following information:
1. List all the ingredients and the name of the supplier for each one
This list will be of assistance later in the study to ensure that all ingredients are properly documented for each product and is of particular relevance to the control and provision of correct information to the consumer of the presence of food allergens.
| Ingredient | Supplier | Specification | Allergens |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sugar | Chester Supplies | See Spec 123-456 | None |
| Wheat flour | Grove Ingredients | Wheat | |
| Vegetable oil | VegePure | Soya, celery | |
| Vegetable margarine | VegePure | soya | |
| Glucose syrup | Chester Supplies | None | |
| Cocoa powder | Grove Ingredients | None | |
| Skimmed milk powder | Dairy Badge | Milk | |
| Milk chocolate | Grove Ingredients | Milk, soya | |
| Whey powder | Dairy Badge | Milk | |
| Cocoa butter | Chester Supplies | None | |
| Powdered egg | Dairy Badge | Egg | |
| Sodium bicarbonate | Grove Ingredients | None | |
| Emulsifier E471 | Grove Ingredients | None |
2. State the physical properties of the product
The physical properties of the food will influence whether dangerous bacteria will be able to grow in the food and/or produce dangerous toxins. The main factors to consider here are:
- Physical state – Is the food a liquid, solid, foam, emulsion etc
- Water activity (aw) – this is the water that is available to microorganisms in the food. Whilst some foods may appear moist, the presence of sugar or salt in the liquid component of the food may prevent microorganisms from accessing the water thus restricting their growth. This is why the use of sugar, for example in jam making, or salt in the case of smoked salmon can be very effective at controlling the outgrowth of both spoilage and dangerous bacteria. Drying foods has an effect on both the moisture content and the aw. Pure water has an aw of 1.0 and the addition of salt or sugar will reduce this value closer to 0. Most bacteria require an aw value > 0.92 to successfully grow in food but some moulds may be able to grow below this. The aw value is most easily determined in liquid and homogenous foods where the sugar/salt content is likely to be evenly distributed throughout the food. Difficulties in determining a representative aw value may arise in composite foods which contain different varieties of ingredient distributed in an uneven way through the food, for example a meat stew. This will be a matter for your HACCP team to consider.
- pH – This is the measure of the acidity of a food and many bacteria are unable to grow in acidic conditions. For example, Salmonella species will typically grow well at neutral pH (7.0) but are unable to grow in acid conditions of 4.0 or below. As for aw, care should be taken to ensure that any pH measurements taken are representative of the food. For example, in a ready meal the pH of the curry sauce may be 5.5, which would inhibit the growth of some bacteria, but within clumps of vegetables it might be 7.0 which might permit the outgrowth of dangerous bacteria.
- Salt content – Whilst this affects the aw of the food, salt can also have an inhibitory effect on some bacteria in its own right.
All the above factors influence the growth of microorganisms in food but so does a combination of these factors together.
3. Describe how the product is processed and/or other preservation methods used
Many traditional preservation techniques, if performed correctly, will produce safe food by the development of dry or acid conditions in the food. The most common types of process include:
- Heat treatment – Microorganisms can be affected by heat in different ways. Some, such as Salmonella and Campylobacter, will be easily killed by normal cooking temperatures (70°C for 2 minutes) whereas others, such as Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus cereus, will survive such temperatures by forming spores
- Hot smoking – Typically used for fish and meat products at temperatures of approximately 70°C – 80°C and often used in combination with brining
- Brining – Can involve the immersion of food into salt water or the direct application of salt crystals to the outside of the food
- Drying – used for a range of products including milk, egg, herbs, fish and meat products
- Fermentation – the production of alcohol and/or acids in foods, used in the production of meats such as salami as well as in bakery and brewing products
4. Describe how the product is packed and the packaging materials
Some methods of packaging will affect the nature and likelihood of food hazards associated with a food. For example, hot filling product into glass jars or the use of vacuum packing will create anaerobic conditions (reduced oxygen levels) which will favour the growth of certain bacteria such as Clostridium botulinum. If you are using such materials, then your HACCP team will need to identify suitable controls to prevent the outgrowth and toxin formation by these dangerous bacteria.
The packaging may also emit gasses or absorb them from the food, again changing the conditions for growth by microorganisms. Packaging could also protect microorganisms from damage by sunlight.
The use of glass containers may introduce an additional physical hazard, especially if they are reusable, whereas the use of aseptic filling lines may reduce the likelihood of contamination from the environment.
5. How is the product going to be stored and distributed?
The main options for storage and distribution are:
- ambient
- chilled
- frozen
Some common hazards will be controlled by freezing food, for example bacteria will not grow at frozen temperatures and most parasites, for example those found in fish, are destroyed by prolonged freezing of food. However, the storage and distribution of chilled foods may introduce additional hazards, such as Listeria monocytogenes. Prolonged ambient storage may render some foods susceptible to mould growth and toxin formation.
6. What is the shelf life of the product?
The shelf life that you assign to your products should be sufficiently long to allow your customers to make full use of them. However, in general, the longer the shelf life of a product, the more likely it is to spoil within date and the more food safety hazards it will present. As such it is advisable to think carefully about the need for an extended shelf life and it may be appropriate to undertake shelf life testing to verify that the products perform as expected throughout their shelf life.
Durability date
If you are satisfied that no food safety issues will be presented by your products at the end of their shelf life, you should assign a 'Best Before' date to the product. If, however, the food is likely to present a danger to health on expiry of the durability date, a 'Use by' date should be applied.
7. State what your advice is to the purchaser for storing, handling and preparing the product
You should consider whether instructions for the storage, handling and preparation of the product are necessary to ensure the safety of the consumer. Such instructions should be in addition to other control measures introduced during manufacture and might include:
- Storage instructions prior to opening packaging
- 'Store in a cool dry place'
- 'Keep refrigerated'
- 'Keep frozen'
- Storage instructions once packaging has been opened
- 'once opened, keep refrigerated and use within 3 days'
- Cooking instructions
- 'Cook at 200°C for 30 minutes. Check that food is piping hot before serving'